Mechanism of Action of Topical Tranexamic Acid in the Treatment of Melasma and Sun-Induced Skin Hyperpigmentation

Tranexamic acid (TXA) has anti-plasmin activity and been shown when administered orally to be effective against melasma, for which it is considered first-line pharmacotherapy. Several studies have that topically applied TXA also melasma skin hyperpigmentation caused by sunburn inflammation. The concentration in the epidermis dermis/vasculature estimated from its distribution after closed application, thus act on neutrophils mast cells dermis vascular system. It unlikely acts dermal or system form thrombi. As discussed present review, effects of topical process indicate resulting skin-lightening mechanism involves suppression cytokine/chemical mediator production, stimulates melanin production via keratinocyte-derived urokinase-type plasminogen activator derived basal layer epidermis, thereby suppressing excessive prevent hyperpigmentation.